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| 1876 |
| | Stanley passes Nyangwe on the Lualaba, the furthest point down the Congo river system reached by Livingstone | |
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| 1877 |
| | Stanley completes his exploration of the Congo, reaching the Atlantic coast at Boma after a three-year journey | |
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| 1880 |
| | French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza forestalls Stanley in opening up the Congo, reaching Stanley Pool ahead of him | |
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| 1881 |
| | Stanley finds Brazza's French tricolor already flying on the north bank of the Congo, on the site of what later becomes Brazzaville | |
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| 1882 |
| | Stanley establishes a foothold for Leopold II on the southern bank of the Congo, at a site which he names Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) | |
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| 1885 |
| | Britain annexes Bechuanaland as a protectorate, to secure the route north from the Cape into central Africa | |
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| 1893 |
| | The British Central African Protectorate is set up in the region of present-day Malawi | |
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| 1903 |
| | Roger Casement, British consul in the Congo Free State, discovers appalling abuses by Belgian companies | |
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| 1908 |
| | International outrage at Congo atrocities forces Belgium to annexe King Leopold's private colony | |
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| 1909 |
| | Mineral discoveries on the border of Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo give the first hint of the riches of the Copper Belt | |
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